Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Sex/Polypeptide Hormones in Reciprocal Interactions: A Systematic Review

A better understanding of interindividual differences and the development targeted therapies is one major challenges modern medicine. The sex a person plays crucial role in this regard. This systematic review aimed to summarise analyse available evidence on mutual interactions between non-invasive brain stimulation sex/polypeptide hormones. PubMed database was searched from its inception 31 March 2023, for (i) studies that investigated impact and/or polypeptide hormones effects induced by stimulation, or (ii) modulation Eighteen (319 healthy 96 disabled participants) were included. Most focused female hormone levels during menstrual cycle. later follicular phase associated with weak hemispheric intracortical inhibition, strong facilitation, high stimulation-induced neural behavioural changes. opposite are observed luteal phase. In addition, participant’s sex, presence absence real ovulation increase oestradiol level chorionic gonadotropin injection influence neurophysiological effects. Parkinson’s disease consciousness disorders, repetitive application increases dehydroepiandrosterone reduces disability. To date, male have not been sufficiently included these studies. Here, we show methods reciprocal interactions. may be used create more effective individualised approach individuals disabilities.